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12 - Personal Skills

Foundational Thinking & Logic​

Relevant DSS-P Skills
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.2 Conceptual Skill > Creative Problem Solving
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.2 Conceptual Skill > Critical Thinking

Logic​

  • Logic - The study of correct reasoning
    • Logical reasoning - A mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way
      • Deductive, Inductive, Abductive and Analogical
  • Branches of Logic
    • Informal Logic - A broad term for any of the various methods of analyzing and evaluating arguments used in everyday life

Informal Logic​

  • Argument - The central object of study in informal logic; a series of statements (premises) intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement (the conclusion)
    • Enthymeme - An argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated, a common feature of real-world reasoning
  • Criteria for Argument Evaluation
    • Fallacy - The use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed
    • Category mistake - An error in reasoning where a property is ascribed to a thing that could not possibly have that property
  • Related Fields
    • Rhetoric - The art of persuasion
    • Critical Thinking - The process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices

Mathematical Logic​

Relevant DSS-P Skills
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.2 Conceptual Skill > Critical Thinking

Foundational Concepts​

  • Formal system - An abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules
  • Gödel's incompleteness theorems - The two theorems of mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system capable of modelling basic arithmetic
  • Logic Principles
    • De Morgan's laws - A pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference
    • Law of noncontradiction - The law that states that for any given proposition, the proposition and its negation cannot both be simultaneously true
    • Law of excluded middle - The principle that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true
    • Peirce's law - The principle in classical logic that the law of excluded middle holds for any proposition
    • Proof by contradiction - A form of indirect proof that establishes the truth of a proposition by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction

Logical Systems​

  • Propositional calculus - A branch of logic that deals with propositions (which can be true or false) and relations between propositions, including the construction of arguments based on them
    • conjunction, disjunction, implication, biconditional and negation
    • Tautology - A formula that is true regardless of the interpretation of its component terms, with only the logical constants having a fixed meaning
  • First order logic - A collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science
    • universal quantification and existential quantification
  • Higher order logic - A form of logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics
  • Modal logic - A type of logic that is used to represent statements about possibility and necessity

Branches of Mathematical Logic​

  • Set theory - The branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects
  • Naive set theory
    • Set - A collection of different things; these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind
    • Function (a.k.a. Map) - A binary relation between two sets that associates every element of the first set to exactly one element of the second set
    • Operation - A function from a set to itself
      • Idempotence - The property of certain operations in which they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application
    • Partition of a set - A grouping of a set's elements into non-empty, disjoint subsets (called "blocks" or "cells") such that every element is in exactly one subset
    • Equivalence relation - A binary relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) that partitions a set into disjoint equivalence classes
  • Axiomatic set theory
    • Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory - An axiomatic system that was proposed in the early twentieth century in order to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox
      • Ordinals & Cardinals
  • Type Theory - A formal system that provides an alternative foundation for mathematics (like Set Theory) and is the basis for typed functional programming and proof assistants.
  • Proof Theory - A major branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques
    • Sequent calculus - A deductive system for proving theorems
    • Natural deduction - A kind of proof calculus in which logical reasoning is expressed by inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning
  • Computability Theory - A branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees
    • Lambda calculus - A formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application
    • Turing machine - A mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules
  • Model Theory - The study of the relationship between formal theories (collections of sentences in a formal language) and their models (structures in which the sentences are true)
  • Logic Applications
    • Constraint satisfaction problem - Mathematical questions defined as a set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or limitations
    • Satisfiability modulo theories - The problem of determining whether a mathematical formula is satisfiable
    • Automated theorem proving - A subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs
    • Formal verification - the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics
      • Hoare logic - A formal system with a set of logical rules for reasoning rigorously about the correctness of computer programs
  • Formal Logic Tools
    • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - A reference work that organizes scholars in philosophy and related fields from around the world to create and maintain up-to-date content
    • SMT-LIB - A command language for interacting with SMT solvers via a textual interface
    • MiniZinc - A free and open-source constraint modeling language
    • P - A state machine based programming language for formally modeling and specifying complex distributed systems
    • Lean - An interactive theorem prover and programming language based on the Calculus of Constructions

Documentation​

Relevant DSS-P Skills
  • 3. Technology > 3.1 Software Development > Team Development
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.1 Human Skill > Collaboration
  • Technical writing - A type of writing where the author is writing about a particular subject that requires direction, instruction, or explanation
  • Divio Documentation System - A framework that proposes that all documentation should be explicitly structured according to its purpose, into four distinct types: tutorials, how-to guides, technical reference and explanation

Architectural Documentation​

  • Diagramming Tools
    • draw.io - A technology stack for building diagramming applications, and the world's most widely used browser-based end-user diagramming software
  • Diagramming as Code
    • D2: Declarative Diagramming - A modern diagram scripting language that turns text to diagrams
    • Diagrams - A Python package for drawing cloud system architectures in Python code
    • PlantUML - A tool that allows you to create diagrams from a simple textual description
    • Mermaid - A Javascript based diagramming and charting tool that renders Markdown-inspired text definitions to create and modify diagrams dynamically
    • Kroki - A free and open source service that converts plain text diagrams to images
    • Graphviz - An open source graph visualization software
      • DOT language - A plain text graph description language
      • sfdp - A scalable, multiscale force-directed layout engine for large undirected graphs that minimizes edge crossings and avoids node overlaps
      • haphviz - A Haskell library for representing, manipulating, and pretty-printing graphs in the DOT format
    • ditaa - A small command-line utility that can convert diagrams drawn using ascii art into proper bitmap graphics
  • Architectural Decision Records
    • Architectural Decision Records (ADRs) - A document that captures an important architectural decision made along with its context and consequences
      • adr-tools - A command-line tool to help you manage your architectural decision records

Lightweight Markup & Writing Styles​

  • Lightweight Markup
    • Markdown - A lightweight markup language for creating formatted text using a plain-text editor
      • CommonMark - A rationalized version of Markdown syntax, with a spec and BSD-licensed reference implementations in C and JavaScript
      • GFM (GitHub Flavored Markdown) - A formal specification, based on the CommonMark Spec, that defines the syntax and semantics of GitHub's dialect of Markdown
      • markdownlint - A Node.js style checker and lint tool for Markdown/CommonMark files
      • Glow - A terminal based markdown reader
      • mdterm - A terminal-based Markdown viewer written in Rust that renders Markdown files with syntax highlighting, styled formatting, and interactive navigation
      • Grip - A command-line server application that renders local README files before you push them to GitHub
      • markmap - A combination of Markdown and mindmap
      • Marp - The simplest Markdown presentation writer with plain Markdown
      • Guides
        • Markdown Guide - A free and open-source reference guide that explains how to use Markdown
    • DocUtils - An open-source text processing system for processing plaintext documentation into useful formats, such as HTML, LaTeX, man-pages, open-document, or XML
      • reStructuredText - An easy-to-read, what-you-see-is-what-you-get plaintext markup syntax and parser system
    • Asciidoc - A lightweight markup language for writing notes, documentation, articles, books, ebooks, slideshows, web pages, man pages and blogs
      • Asciidoctor - A fast, open source text processor and publishing toolchain for converting AsciiDoc content to HTML5, DocBook 5 (or 4.5) and other formats
    • Org Mode - An authoring tool and a TODO lists manager for GNU Emacs
    • Wikitext - The markup language that consists of the syntax and keywords used by the MediaWiki software to format a page
  • Style Guides
  • Prose Linters
    • vale - A linter for natural language/prose
    • retext - An extensible natural language processor
    • alex - A tool that helps you find gender favoring, polarizing, race related, religion inconsiderate, or other unequal phrasing in text
    • write-good - A naive linter for English prose
    • textlint - The pluggable linting tool for text and markdown

Documentation Tooling​

  • Typesetting Systems
    • Typst - A new markup-based typesetting system that is designed to be as powerful as LaTeX while being much easier to learn and use
    • Troff/Groff - A typesetting system that reads plain text mixed with formatting commands and produces formatted output
    • LaTeX - A high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation
      • TexLive - A cross-platform, free software distribution for the TeX typesetting system
      • PGF/TikZ - A TeX macro package for generating graphics
    • KaTeX - The fastest math typesetting library for the web
      • sphinxcontrib-katex - A Sphinx extension which allows you to use KaTeX to render math in your Sphinx documentation
  • Validation & Maintenance
    • lychee - A fast, async link checker written in Rust
  • Converters
    • Pandoc - A universal document converter
      • Eisvogel - A pandoc LaTeX template to convert markdown files to PDF or LaTeX

Interpersonal & Team Leadership​

Relevant DSS-P Skills
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.1 Human Skill > Leadership
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.1 Human Skill > Collaboration

Team Dynamics & Communication​

  • Team Dynamics
    • Team building - A collective term for various types of activities used to enhance social relations and define roles within teams, often involving collaborative tasks
    • Group dynamics - A system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within or between social groups
    • Research & Models
      • Google Rework: Understand team effectiveness - A research initiative identifying key dynamics like psychological safety, dependability, structure and clarity, meaning, and impact as crucial for successful group collaboration
      • GRPI Model - A foundational framework for designing and diagnosing team effectiveness, organizing the building blocks of a high-performing team into four layers: Goals, Roles, Processes, and Interpersonal Relationships
  • Interpersonal Communication Techniques
    • Storytelling - The social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or embellishment
    • Facilitation - The act of designing and running a successful meeting or workshop
    • Active listening - The practice of preparing to listen, observing what verbal and non-verbal messages are being sent, and then providing appropriate feedback for the sake of showing attentiveness to the message being presented
    • Negotiation - A dialogue between two or more parties to resolve points of difference, gain an advantage for an individual or collective, or craft outcomes to satisfy various interests
  • Corporate Principles & Values
    • Amazon's Leadership Principles - The set of core tenets Amazonians use daily to guide their discussions, decisions, and actions
    • GitLab Values - A set of guiding principles that define the company's culture and how its team members operate
  • Professional Manifestos
    • Manifesto for Software Craftsmanship - A declaration emphasizing the importance of well-crafted software, continuous value addition, professional community, and productive partnerships in software development
  • Feedback Models
    • DESC feedback model - A communication tool for providing constructive feedback by describing the behavior, expressing the impact, specifying the desired change, and explaining the consequences

Organizational Behavior​

  • Stakeholder management - The process of identifying individuals or groups that are affected by a project or business venture, understanding their interests and concerns, and managing their expectations and influence
  • Contingency theory - A theory that claims there is no single best way to organize a corporation, lead a company, or make decisions, asserting that the optimal course of action depends on internal and external situations
  • Expectancy theory - A theory that proposes an individual's behavior is motivated by the expected results of their actions, with the desirability of the outcome determining the selection of a specific behavior
  • Intrinsic motivation - A type of motivation that arises from internal factors, such as enjoyment, curiosity, or a sense of fulfillment, where individuals engage in an activity for its own sake
  • Management 3.0 - An ever-evolving mindset and a collection of games, tools, and practices designed to help any worker manage the organization and improve work systems
  • PM Theory of Leadership - A leadership theory that classifies leaders into two categories: performance-oriented and maintenance-oriented
  • Theory X and Theory Y - The theories of human work motivation and management developed by Douglas McGregor
  • Two-factor theory - A theory developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, it posits that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by separate sets of factors, known as motivators and hygiene factors, which act independently of each other

Leadership Styles​

  • Servant leadership - A leadership philosophy where the primary aim of the individual in charge is to prioritize the needs of their team members, fostering their development and performance, rather than focusing on personal gain or traditional hierarchical authority
  • Shared leadership - A leadership style that broadly distributes responsibility, allowing individuals within a team or organization to lead each other
  • Situational leadership - A leadership model where effective leaders adapt their style to each situation, recognizing that no single approach is universally appropriate
  • Transformational leadership - A leadership style in which leaders encourage, inspire, and motivate employees to innovate and create change that will help grow and shape the future success of the company

Individual Psychology & Performance​

Relevant DSS-P Skills
  • 5. Personal Skill > 5.2 Conceptual Skill > Adaptability

Personal Performance​

  • Mental Health
    • Mindfulness - The basic human ability to be fully present, aware of where we are and what we're doing, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by what's going on around us
      • Zen - A school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty
    • Flow - The mental state in which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity
    • Defence mechanism - Unconscious psychological processes that protect the self from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and external stressors
    • Psychological resilience - The ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly
    • Occupational burnout - A work-related phenomenon resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed
  • Cognitive Performance / Decision Making
    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - A conceptualisation of the needs (or goals) that motivate human behavior
    • Cognitive bias - A systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
    • Default mode network - A large-scale brain network; known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest
    • Situation awareness - The understanding of an environment, its elements, and how it changes with respect to time or other factors
      • 1: Perception of the elements in the environment.
      • 2: Comprehension or understanding of the situation.
      • 3: Projection of future status.
    • Vertical thinking - A problem-solving approach characterized by being selective, analytical, and sequential, often relying on rational assessment and external data
    • Lateral thinking - A manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach via reasoning that is not immediately obvious
  • Related Philosophies
    • Three Virtues - The qualities of a great programmer: Laziness, Impatience, and Hubris
  • Related Books

Social Performance​

  • Social Psychology
    • Psychological safety - The belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking up with ideas, questions, concerns, or mistakes
    • Trust - The belief that another person will do what is expected
    • Collective intelligence - The shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making
    • Groupthink - A psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
    • Bystander effect - A social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present
    • Dunbar's number - A suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships
  • Illustrative Concepts
    • Broken windows theory - A criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes
    • Stone soup story - A European folk story in which hungry strangers convince the people of a town to each share a small amount of their food in order to make a meal
    • Boiling frog apologue - An apologue describing a frog being slowly boiled alive