World Wide Web - An information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet
Hypertext - A text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access
URI - A unique sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource
URL - A standard that defines URLs, domains, IP addresses, the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format, and their API
Core Web Protocols & Languages
HTTP - An application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems
HTTP cookie - A small piece of data that a server sends to a user's web browser
CSS - A simple mechanism for adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents
Real-time & Messaging Protocols
WebSockets - A technology that makes it possible to open a two-way interactive communication session between the user's browser and a server
WebRTC - A free and open-source project providing web browsers and mobile applications with real-time communication (RTC)
Server-sent events - A technology to enable servers to push data to web pages over HTTP or using dedicated server-push protocols
MQTT - A lightweight, publish-subscribe, machine to machine network protocol for message queue/message queuing service
AMQP - An open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented middleware
Data & Event Specifications
ActivityPub - A decentralized social networking protocol based on the ActivityStreams 2.0 data format
Fediverse - An ensemble of interconnected servers that are used for web publishing and file hosting, but which can communicate with each other
Bluesky - A microblogging social media service and a public benefit corporation based in the United States
CloudEvents - A specification for describing event data in a common way
JSON Merge Patch - A JSON format that describes changes to be made to a target JSON document
OpenAPI spec - A standard, language-agnostic interface to HTTP APIs
TypeSpec - A minimal language that helps developers describe API shapes in a familiar way
API Tooling
Redocly CLI - An open-source command-line tool that helps you lint, bundle, and preview OpenAPI definitions
Performance
DNS Prefetching - A mechanism to resolve domain names before a user tries to follow a link
Web Application Types
Progressive web app - A type of application software delivered through the web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and WebAssembly
Servo - A modern, high-performance browser engine designed for both application and embedded use
Scripting Engines
V8 (JavaScript engine) - Google's open source high-performance JavaScript and WebAssembly engine, written in C++
JavaScriptCore - The JavaScript engine that powers Safari and other apps on Apple platforms
Client Scripting APIs
XMLHttpRequest (XHR) - An API that provides scripted client functionality for transferring data between a client and a server
Fetch Standard - A living standard that defines requests, responses, and the process that binds them: fetching
Canvas API - The means for drawing graphics via JavaScript and the HTML <canvas> element
WebGL API - A JavaScript API for rendering high-performance interactive 3D and 2D graphics within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins
Site Analyzers
Wappalyzer - A technology profiler that shows you what websites are built with
Single-page application - A web application or website that interacts with the user by dynamically rewriting the current web page with new data from the web server
JAMstack - An architectural approach that decouples the web experience layer from data and business logic, improving flexibility, scalability, performance, and maintainability
API Architectures, Styles & Patterns
REST - A software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for the World Wide Web
SOAP (legacy) - A messaging protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services
GraphQL - A query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with your existing data
gRPC - A modern open source high performance Remote Procedure Call (RPC) framework that can run in any environment
json-rpc - A stateless, light-weight remote procedure call (RPC) protocol
Webhook - A method of augmenting or altering the behavior of a web page or web application with custom callbacks
React - The library for web and native user interfaces
Core Concepts
Component - A fundamental building block used to create user interfaces
Props - A mechanism for passing data from a parent component to a child component
Children - A special prop that allows components to be composed
Key Props - A special string attribute you need to include when creating lists of elements
Rendering - The process of React asking your components to describe what they want to look like
Event Handler - A function that is executed in response to an event
State - A JavaScript object that stores a component's dynamic data
Controlled Component - A component where React state controls the value of an input element
Hooks - A set of functions that let you "hook into" React state and lifecycle features from function components
Strict Mode - A tool for highlighting potential problems in an application
Side-effect - A term that refers to any operation that affects something outside of the function being executed
Refs - A feature that provides a way to access DOM nodes or React elements created in the render method
Context - A way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level
Portals - A feature that provides a first-class way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside the DOM hierarchy of the parent component
Suspense - A component that lets you specify a loading indicator for a part of the component tree
Error Boundary - A React component that catches JavaScript errors anywhere in their child component tree
Preact - A fast 3kB alternative to React with the same modern API
Vue.js - A JavaScript framework for building user interfaces
Angular - A web framework that empowers developers to build fast, reliable applications
Svelte - A UI framework that uses a compiler to let you write breathtakingly concise components that do minimal work in the browser, using languages you already know — HTML, CSS and JavaScript
Ember.js - A framework for ambitious web developers
HTML-First Frameworks
htmx - A library that allows you to access AJAX, CSS Transitions, WebSockets and Server Sent Events directly in HTML, using attributes
htm - A JSX alternative using standard tagged templates, with no transpiler necessary
Framework-agnostic Core Libraries
TanStack - A collection of high-quality, framework-agnostic open-source libraries for web development
TanStack Query - A powerful asynchronous state management for TS/JS, React, Solid, Vue, Svelte and Angular
TanStack Router - A powerful, type-safe, and framework-agnostic router for building modern web applications
TanStack Table - A headless UI for building powerful tables & datagrids for TS/JS, React, Vue, Solid and Svelte
TanStack Form - A type-safe and framework-agnostic form state management for React, Vue, Solid, and Svelte
TanStack Virtual - A headless UI for virtualizing large lists and grids in React, Vue, Svelte, Solid and JS
JSMin - A minification tool that removes comments and unnecessary whitespace from JavaScript files
Linters & Formatters
Biome - A fast formatter and linter for JavaScript, TypeScript, JSX, TSX, JSON, HTML, CSS and GraphQL that provides a cohesive toolchain for web projects
Knip - A tool that finds and fixes unused dependencies, exports and files in JavaScript and TypeScript projects
Fastify - A fast and low-overhead web framework for Node.js, designed for optimal performance and developer experience
Express.js - A minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework
Koa - A new web framework designed by the team behind Express
Nest.js - A progressive Node.js framework for building efficient, reliable and scalable server-side applications
Hono - A small, simple, and ultrafast web framework for the Edges
API Tools
tRPC - A tool that allows you to easily build & consume fully typesafe APIs without schemas or code generation
Go Backend Frameworks
Echo - A high performance, extensible, minimalist Go web framework
Fiber - An Express inspired web framework built on top of Fasthttp, the fastest HTTP engine for Go, designed to ease development with performance in mind
Flask - A lightweight WSGI web application framework
ASGI - A spiritual successor to WSGI, the long-standing Python standard for compatibility between web servers, frameworks, and applications
Uvicorn - A lightning-fast ASGI server implementation for Python, using uvloop and httptools for high performance
Hypercorn - An ASGI and WSGI web server based on the sans-io hyper, h11, h2, and wsproto libraries with support for HTTP/1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3
FastAPI - A modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python based on standard Python type hints
SlowAPI - A small library to rate limit your ASGI applications
Ruby Backend Frameworks & Servers
Ruby on Rails - A web-application framework that includes everything needed to create database-backed web applications according to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern
Jakarta EE - A set of specifications that define Java APIs for enterprise software development
Apache Tomcat - An open-source web server and servlet container
Spring - A project that makes Java simple, modern, productive, reactive, and cloud-ready
Spring Boot - A tool that takes an opinionated view of the Spring platform and third-party libraries so you can get started with minimum fuss
.NET Backend Frameworks
ASP.NET - A free, cross-platform, open source framework for building web apps and services with .NET and C#
Elixir Backend Frameworks
Phoenix - A web framework for building rich, interactive web applications quickly with less code and fewer moving parts, used to craft APIs, HTML5 apps, and more at scale
Next.js - A React framework for building full-stack web applications
Nuxt.js - A free and open-source framework with an intuitive and extendable way to create type-safe, performant and production-grade full-stack web applications and websites with Vue.js
Astro - The web framework for content-driven website
Fresh - A next generation web framework, built for speed, reliability, and simplicity
Rust Full-Stack Frameworks
Leptos - A cutting-edge Rust framework for the modern web
Gravitee - A unified API visibility and governance platform that provides a single pane of glass for managing, securing, and governing APIs across any infrastructure
Web cache - An information technology for the temporary storage (caching) of web documents, such as HTML pages and images, to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag
Content delivery network - A geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers
Point of presence - An artificial demarcation point or interface point between communicating entities
Forward Proxy Servers
Squid - A caching proxy for the Web supporting HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more
CDN Providers
Cloudflare - A global network designed to make everything you connect to the Internet secure, private, fast, and reliable
Cloudflare Workers - A serverless execution environment that allows you to create entirely new applications or augment existing ones without configuring or maintaining infrastructure
Cloudflare Workers Bindings - A mechanism that allows your Worker to interact with resources on the Cloudflare Developer Platform, providing better performance and fewer restrictions than REST APIs for accessing resources from Workers
Amazon CloudFront - A content delivery network (CDN) service built for high performance, security, and developer convenience
Lambda@Edge - A feature of Amazon CloudFront that lets you run code closer to users of your application
Google Cloud CDN - A content delivery network (CDN) that accelerates delivery of your web and video content
Azure Front Door - A modern cloud content delivery network (CDN) that provides a secure and scalable entry point for fast delivery of your global web applications and content
Non-fungible token - A unique digital identifier that is recorded on a blockchain and is used to certify ownership and authenticity
Decentralized autonomous organization - A member-owned community without centralized leadership managed by decentralized computer programs with voting and finances handled through a blockchain
Surf - An advanced Go HTTP client with Chrome/Firefox browser impersonation, HTTP/3 with QUIC fingerprinting, JA3/JA4 TLS emulation, and anti-bot bypass
Typhoeus - A library that wraps libcurl in order to make fast and reliable requests
Ruby Net - A collection of classes that implement client-side internet protocols
httpx - An HTTP client library for the Ruby programming language
wreq-ruby - An easy and powerful Ruby HTTP client with advanced browser fingerprinting that accurately emulates various browsers with precise TLS/HTTP2 signatures
Puppeteer - A Node.js library which provides a high-level API to control Chrome/Chromium over the DevTools Protocol
Playwright - A framework for reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps with a single API for Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit
Playwright for Go - A Go library to automate Chromium, Firefox and WebKit with a single API
Cypress - An open-source, JavaScript-based testing framework that enables developers to write, run, and debug end-to-end and component tests directly in the browser for modern web applications
WebDriver - A remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents
Selenium WebDriver - A tool that drives a browser natively, as a user would, either locally or on a remote machine
WebDriver BiDi - The BiDirectional WebDriver Protocol, a mechanism for remote control of user agents
Selenium IDE - An open source record and playback test automation for the web
Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) - A low-level API that allows external tools to instrument, inspect, debug, and profile Chromium-based browsers
Docusaurus - A static-site generator. It builds a single-page application with fast client-side navigation, leveraging the full power of React to make your site interactive
mdBook - A utility to create modern online books from Markdown files