Business ecosystem - An economic community supported by a foundation of interacting organizations and individuals—the organisms of the business world
Mergers and acquisitions - The transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations, or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities
Tools
MECE principle - A grouping principle for separating a set of items into subsets that are mutually exclusive (ME) and collectively exhaustive (CE)
SWOT analysis - A strategic planning and strategic management technique used to help a person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning
PEST analysis - A framework of external macro-environmental factors (political, economic, social and technological) used in strategic management and market research
Porter's five forces analysis - A model that identifies and analyzes five competitive forces that shape every industry and helps determine an industry's weaknesses and strengths
Enterprise architecture - A well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a comprehensive approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy
TOGAF standard - A proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world’s leading organizations to improve business efficiency
Zachman Framework - An ontology – a theory of the existence of a structured set of essential components of an object
ArchiMate - An open and independent modelling language for Enterprise Architecture that is supported by different tool vendors and consulting firms
Archi - A free, open source, cross-platform tool and editor to create ArchiMate models
Enterprise resource planning - The integrated management of main business processes, often in real time and mediated by software and technology
Customer relationship management - A strategic process that organizations use to manage, analyze, and improve their interactions with customers
Salesforce - A customer relationship management solution that brings companies and customers together, providing one integrated CRM platform for all departments
Supply chain management - The management of the flow of goods and services, between businesses and locations, including the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption
Human resource management - The strategic and coherent approach to the effective and efficient management of of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage
Contract management - The process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution, and analysis for the purpose of maximizing financial and operational performance and minimizing risk
SAP ERP - A comprehensive software system that streamlines processes, improves productivity, and provides real-time insights across your entire organization
Odoo - A suite of open source business applications covering areas such as CRM, ERP, accounting, and more
ERPNext - A 100% open-source ERP with a modern, comprehensive, and user-friendly enterprise resource planning solution
Business model - The rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value, in economic, social, cultural or other contexts
Business model canvas - A strategic management template for developing new or documenting existing business models
Product management - The business process of planning, developing, launching, and managing a product or service
Aha! - A suite of product development software that helps teams build and market products customers love
Lean startup - A methodology for developing businesses and products that aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a proposed business model is viable
Risk management - The identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities
Business continuity planning - The process an organization undergoes to create a prevention and recovery system from potential threats such as natural disasters or cyber-attacks
IT disaster recovery - The process of resuming normal IT operations after a disruptive event, such as a natural disaster, cyberattack, or equipment failure
ISO 22301: Security and resilience - Business continuity management systems - Requirements
Project risk management - The process of identifying, analyzing, and then responding to any risk that arises over the life cycle of a project to help the project remain on track and meet its goal
Financial risk management - The practice of protecting economic value in a firm by managing exposure to financial risk - principally credit risk and market risk, as well as some aspects of operational risk
ISO 31000: Risk management
Stakeholder management - The process of identifying individuals or groups that are affected by a project or business venture, understanding their interests and concerns, and managing their expectations and influence
Business process change management
Organizational structure - A system that outlines how certain activities are directed in order to achieve the goals of an organization
Kotter's 8-step change model - A set of tools and strategies designed to help organizations effectively implement and sustain change
Prosci ADKAR Model - A goal-oriented change management model that guides individual and organizational change
Enterprise modeling - The process of building models of whole or part of an enterprise with process models, data models, resource models and or new ontologies
BPMN- A graphical notation for specifying business processes in a Business Process Diagram
SysML - A general-purpose graphical modeling language for specifying, analyzing, designing, and verifying complex systems that may include hardware, software, information, personnel, procedures, and facilities
Eclipse Capella - An open-source Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) solution that provides a process and tooling to graphically design systems and master their architectural complexity
Power BI - A unified, scalable platform for self-service and enterprise business intelligence
DAX - A programming language that is used throughout Microsoft Power BI for creating calculated columns, measures, and custom tables
Amazon QuickSight - A scalable, serverless, embeddable, machine learning (ML)-powered business intelligence (BI) service built for the cloud
Ideation
Brainstorming - A group creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members
Design thinking - The set of cognitive, strategic and practical processes by which design concepts are developed
Affinity diagram - A business tool used to organize ideas and data
Ishikawa diagram - A causal diagram created by Kaoru Ishikawa that shows the potential causes of a specific event
SEO - The process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic to a website or a web page from search engines
Google Search Central - The home for everything you need to help users find your site on Google Search
Marketing mix - A foundation model for businesses, historically centered around product, price, place, and promotion
Card sorting - A method used to help design or evaluate the information architecture of a site
Fear of missing out (FOMO) - The feeling of apprehension that one is either not in the know about or missing out on information, events, experiences, or life decisions that could make one's life better
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) - A manipulative propaganda tactic used in sales, marketing, public relations, politics, polling, and cults
User experience research
A/B testing - A way to compare multiple versions of a single variable, for example by testing a subject's response to variant A against variant B, and determining which of the variants is more effective
Diary studies - A research method in which people record their experiences and activities over time
Analytics tools
Google Analytics - The go-to platform for millions of website and app owners seeking to gain a deeper understanding of their website and app performance
Plausible - Intuitive, lightweight and open source web analytics
vince - A cost effective, self hosted, privacy friendly alternative to Google Analytics
Tag management
Google Tag Manager - A tag management system that allows you to quickly and easily update measurement codes and related code fragments known as tags on your website or mobile app
Core Web Vitals - The subset of Web Vitals that apply to all web pages, should be measured by all site owners, and will be surfaced across all Google tools
Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)
Interaction to Next Paint (INP)
Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)
Advertising
Indicators
Click through rate - The ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement
Conversion rate - The percentage of users who take a desired action
Platforms
Google Ads - An online advertising platform where advertisers bid to display brief advertisements, service offerings, product listings, or videos to web users
Google AdSence - A program run by Google through which website publishers in the Google Network of content sites serve text, images, video, or interactive media advertisements that are targeted to the site content and audience
Experiment platform
Optimizely - A leading digital experience platform (DXP) that provides a single, unified platform that offers you the scalability and security you need to drive your business into the future
Email Distribution
listmonk - Self-hosted newsletter and mailing list manager
Market - A composition of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations or infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange
Inflation - An increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time
Prospect theory - A theory of behavioral economics and behavioral finance which states that people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome
Information asymmetry - A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other
Induced demand - The phenomenon that after supply increases, more of a good is consumed
Metcalfe's law - The value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system (n2)
Network effect - The phenomenon by which the value or utility a user derives from a good or service depends on the number of users of compatible products
Braess's paradox - The observation that adding one or more roads to a road network can slow down overall traffic flow through it
Nash equilibrium - A solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy
Pareto efficiency - A state of allocation of resources from which it is impossible to reallocate so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off
Currency - A standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange
Interest - The payment from a debtor or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate
Central bank - An institution that manages the monetary policy of a country or monetary union
Revenue model - A framework for generating financial income
Financial capital - An economic resource measured in terms of money used by entrepreneurs and businesses to buy what they need to make their products or to provide their services
Venture capital - A form of private equity financing that is provided by venture capital firms or funds to startups, early-stage, and emerging companies that have been deemed to have high growth potential
Contracts
Credit - The trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately
Debt - An obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money or otherwise return value to another party, the creditor
Discounting - A mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee
Bond - A type of security under which the issuer (debtor) owes the holder (creditor) a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to repay the principal of the bond at the maturity date and pay interest over a specified time
Spot - A contract of buying or selling a commodity, security or currency for immediate settlement
Futures - A standardized legal contract to buy or sell something at a predetermined price for delivery at a specified time in the future
Option - A contract which conveys to its owner, the holder, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date
Cryptocurrency - A type of currency which uses digital files as money
Blockchain - A distributed ledger with growing lists of records
Bitcoin - A decentralized digital currency that can be transferred on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network
Financial accounting
Return on investment - The ratio between net income (over a period) and investment (costs resulting from an investment of some resources at a point in time)
Cash flow statement - A financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents
Income statement - One of the financial statements of a company and shows the company's financial performance for a specific period of time
Balance sheet - A summary of the financial balances of an individual or organization
Net present value - A way of measuring the value of an asset that has cashflow by adding up the present value of all the future cash flows that asset will generate
Usability - The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use
User interface design - A craft in which designers perform an important function in creating the user experience
Paper prototyping - A widely used method in the user-centered design process, a process that helps developers to create software that meets the user's expectations and needs
Material Design - Google’s open-source design system for building beautiful, usable products
Human interface guidelines
Apple HIG - A set of recommendations to help you create apps that look and behave consistently across all Apple platforms
GNOME HIG - A guide for creating high-quality, consistent, and usable applications for the GNOME desktop
Psychological concerns
Seven stages of action - An idealized description of the cognitive and physical steps an individual takes to achieve a goal
1: Forming the target.
2: Forming the intention.
3: Specifying an action.
4: Executing the action.
5: Perceiving the state of the world.
6: Interpreting the state of the world.
7: Evaluating the outcome.
Attention - The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things
Metacognition - An awareness of one's thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them
Principle of least astonishment - A general principle that states that the result of performing some operation should be obvious, consistent, and predictable, based upon the name of the operation and other context
Affordance - A property of an object that indicates how it can be used
Stroop effect - A demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task
Fitts's law - A predictive model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics